Author:

Grant Branstetter:

Affiliation:

INFO-201: Technical Foundations of Informatics - The Information School - University of Washington

Date:

February 25, 2022

Introduction

In this project, data from the Vera Institute of Justice was used to examine the disproportionate criminalization of minorities in the United States. To do so, mass incarceration was analyzed across three demographic groups, Black, Indigenous, and White individuals in the US. Five specific summary analyses were conducted in order to understand the issue in depth, based on evidence collected.

To start, a summary was collected on the composite numbers of each group jailed in the most recent year available, 2018. It was found that the largest population imprisoned in the US in this year was White, with an approximate total prison population of 346,061.8. The total Black imprisoned population was 247,547, and the total Indigenous imprisoned population was around 10,313.39.

Based on this information, it would initially seem disproportionate imprisoning in the US is not apparent, but this would not be representative of the populations of each group in the Country. To more accurately display this issue, the proportions of each group jailed were calculated. In doing so, it was found that in 2018, for every 100,000 Black individuals in the United States, 858.5073 were imprisoned. The next highest proportion was Native American, with 565.0399 persons per 100,000 imprisoned. Finally, there were 268.2719 White individuals imprisoned for every 100,000.

The third summary statistic calculated the maximum incarceration rate for each demographic since 1990. Incarceration rates are highly variable and often fluctuate heavily over time. The maximum incarceration rates for each demographic follow:

• Black: 299,260.9

• White: 352,336.4

• Native: 11,120.47

The fourth summary statistic sought to display regional incarcerations, by calculating the maximums in Washington State since 1993. (1993 was chosen due to the greater availability of data after that year).

• Black: 2,247.97

• White: 8,655.39

• Native: 2,018

Lastly, the fifth summary statistic calculated the number of individuals incarcerated in the most recent year available in Washington State. This was to provide an understanding of total local incarcerations and how they may have changed since the year with the maximum amount of local incarcerations. It was found that there were 1,992.39 Black individuals incarcerated in 2018, 8,107.08 White individuals, and 657.96 Native American individuals.

Variable Comparison Chart

These charts display total incarceration over total population of the five largest counties in Washington State. Darker circles are more recent as the data is more modern, while faded circles are older. The larger the circles are, the larger the total population of the county is. Colors correlate with the county. Detailed information of the variables calculated and raw numbers appears when hovering over each circle.

These charts are included to show side by side comparisons of incarceration by demographic. A pattern emerges, wherin jailings of minorities increase by county, regardless of population. This pattern implies a systemic justice issue.

Map

As an Indigenous student, I included the following map because I was curious as to where in this country Native Americans are incarcerated the most. The result was disconcerting. When viewing a map of total Indigenous population by county in the United States, it is found that there are high numbers of Indigenous people particularly in Oklahoma, South Dakota, Montana, and Eastern Washington. As observable visibly, the incarceration of Native Americans is not apparent in any of these locations, and the Native incarceration map seems to display limited overlap with Native population. This pattern could signal the fact that court systems continually target persons of color and minorities.